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HusbandFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A husband is a male participant in a marriage. The rights and obligations of the husband regarding his spouse(s) and others, and his status in the community and in law, varies between cultures and has varied over time.
Origin and etymologyThe term husband refers to Middle English huseband, from Old English hūsbōnda, from Old Norse hūsbōndi (hūs, house + bōndi, būandi, present participle of būa, to dwell, so, etymologically, a householder).[1] Related termsAt the conclusion of a valid wedding, the marrying parties acquire the status of married person and, while the marriage persists, a man is called a husband, whereas a woman would be called a wife. Each married party is the spouse of the person or persons to whom he or she became married. Although “husband” seems to be a close term to groom, the latter is a male participant in a wedding ceremony, while a husband is a married man after the wedding, during his marriage. The term husband refers to the institutionalized role of the married male, while the term father refers to the male in context of his offspring, a state which may or may not indicate that a marriage ceremony has taken place. Before the marriage, he or his family may have received a dowry, or have had to pay a bride price, or both were exchanged. The dowry not only supported the establishment of a household, but also served as a condition that if the husband committed grave offences upon his wife, the dowry had to be returned to the wife or her family; for the time of the marriage, they were made inalienable by the husband.[2] When the husband dies, he might leave his wife (or wives), then widow (or widows), a dower (often a third or a half of his estate) to support her as dowager.[3] Husband further refers to the institutionalized form in relation to the spouse and offspring, unlike father, a term that puts a man into the context of his children. Also compare the similar husbandry, which in the 14th century referred to the care of the household, but today means the “control or judicious use of resources”, conservation, and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants and animals, and the science about its profession.[4] Western cultureHistorical statusIn premodern times (ancient Roman, medieval, and early modern history), a husband was supposed to protect and support not only his wife and children, but servants and animals of his domain, and the father (as the “patron”) was awarded with much authority, differing from that of his wife (in these cultures, no polygamy existed).[5] In the Middle Ages and Early Modern European history, it was unusual to marry out of love, but then doing so became an influential ideal.[6][7] During this period, a husband had more opportunities in society than his wife, who was not recognized as legally independent.[8] Contemporary statusIn contemporary Christian or secularized Western culture, the rights of wife and husband have been made equal; although in regard to husbands leaving their families, the civil marriage generally forces them to provide alimony for his former spouse even after separation and also after a divorce (see also Law and divorce around the world). This law, however, also applies to women if she is wealthier than the spouse she divorces from. The legal status of marriage allows the husband and his spouse to speak on each other’s behalf when one is incapacitated (e.g., in a coma); a husband is also responsible for his wife’s child(ren) in states where he is automatically assumed to be the biological father.[9] As an external symbol to show his status as a married man, a husband commonly wears his wedding ring on the ring finger; whether on the left or right hand, depends on the country’s tradition. IslamIn Islamic marital jurisprudence, husbands are considered protectors of the household and their wives. As protector, the husband has various rights and obligations that he is expected to fulfill and thus is offered opportunities different to that of his wife or wives, not only in legal and economical affairs of the family but within the family as well. As in most cases in Islam law and culture, everything is being related to the Quran. One particular example of this is the husband's duty in mending the ways of the wife in cases of rebellious behaviour towards the Laws of God, Verse 34 of an-Nisa says the husband should urge his wife to mend her ways, and if verbal requests for this are not complied with, then to refuse to share a bed as admonition, and if that does not work, then to strike her. Islamic scholars of exegesis have noted that in accordance with the Hadeeth, it is not permissible to break the bone's of one's wife, or to strike her, (or indeed anyone else), in the face. It is also not permitted to strike one's wife with anything larger than a miswak, (the ancient Islamic toothbrush). “The Prophet (s) said: ‘Do not beat your wife’ and ‘Do not strike your wife in the face.’”[10] No similar provision for dealing with the rebellious behavior of the husband is provided for the wife (or wives). On the other hand, many Muslims may also agree on a perfectly equal relationship.[11] Islam is the only major religion that puts a cap on polygamy, limiting the number of a man's wives to four - provided the husband can do justice to all of them. Islam vehemently abhors any intimate relationship outside the bond of marriage. There is no external sign to show his status as a husband, unless he adopted the tradition of wearing a wedding ring. HinduismIn marriages in Hinduism, Husband is Regarded as Manifestation of Lord Vishnu and Wife as Goddess Laxmi, Wife not only Accept Him For Her Life But also Regard him as Pati Permeshwar (Pati is Husband and Parmeshwar is Supreme god) But as The Modernitiy is increasing the the Treatment of Husband as The Sole is decreasing . a Hindu husband traditionally took his wife to his home, hardly ever to return to her family. As a result, he was expected to provide for her and to prove his abilities to do so. The marriage before modernity was a contract between families, similar to the Western (then: European) marriage. In Modern times, equal rights for women and a modern jurisdiction have offered marriage out of love and civil marriage, different from the traditional arranged marriages. The Britannica mentions that “In Hindu law, the male members of a joint family, together with their wives, widows, and children, are entitled to support out of the joint property.”[12] In Britannica’s article on the family, the Indian Nāyar system is regarded as separating the two phases of Hindu marriage and two or more of the roles normally ascribed to a Hindu husband. Among other Hindus (and indeed among the Nāyars today), the tali-tier and the lover are reported to be the same person, whereas in the past the Nāyars held these two roles to be distinct.[13] Buddhism and Chinese folk religionsChina’s family laws were changed by the Communist revolution; and in 1950, the People’s Republic of China enacted a comprehensive marriage law including provisions giving the spouses equal rights with regard to ownership and management of marital property.[14] Other culturesIn Japan, before enactment of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, all of the woman’s property such as land or money passed to her husband except for personal clothing and a mirror stand.[15] Expectation of fidelityMain article: Adultery
There is a widely held expectation, which has existed for most of recorded history and in most cultures, that a husband is expected not to have sexual relations with anyone other than his wife/s. A breach of this expectation of fidelity is commonly referred to as adultery or extramarital sex. Historically, adultery has been considered to be a serious offense, sometimes a crime. Even if that is not so, it may still have legal consequences, particularly a divorce. Adultery may be a factor to consider in a property settlement, it may affect the status of children, the custody of children, etc. Moreover, adultery can result in social ostracism in some partswhich? of the world. See alsoReferences
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